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GLOSSARY

Glossary

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM): A multiplexer

capable of extracting or inserting lower-bit-

rate signal from a higher-bit-rate multiplexed

signal without completely demultiplexing

the signal.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

Protocol for mapping IP addresses to

MAC addresses.

Aggregation: The coalescing of groups of

routes that have common addresses into a

single entry in the routing table.

Area: In IS-IS and OSPF, a set of contiguous

networks and hosts within an AS that have

been administratively grouped together.

Automatic Protection Switching (APS): A

technology used by SONET ADMs to protect

against circuit faults between the ADM and a

router, and to protect against failing routers.

Autonomous System (AS): Set of routers

under a single technical administration. Each

AS normally uses a single interior gateway

protocol (IGP) and metrics to propagate

routing information within the set of routers.

Backbone Area: In OSPF, an area that

consists of all networks in area ID 0.0.0.0,

their attached routers, and all area

border routers.

Bandwidth: The carrying capacity or size

of a communications channel; usually

expressed in hertz (cycles per second) for

analog circuits (the original meaning of the

term), and in bits per second (bps) for

digital circuits (newer meaning).

Bit Error Rate Test (BERT): Test that can

be run on a T3 interface to determine

whether it is operating properly.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): Exterior

gateway protocol used to exchange routing

information among routers in different AS’s.

Broadband: Typically refers to copper, it

denotes transmission facilities capable of

handling a wide range of frequencies simulta-

neously, thus permitting multiple channels in

data systems rather than direct modulation.

Broadcast: The operation of sending

network traffic from one network node to

all other network nodes.

Carrier class: Carrier class refers to

products designed specifically to meet the

capacity, performance scalability, availability

and network management requirements of

network service providers.

Channel: A generic term for a communica-

tions path on a given medium; multiplexing

techniques allow providers to put multiple

channels over a single medium.

Circuit Switching: A switching system

that establishes a dedicated physical com-

munication connection between end points,

through the network, for the duration of the

communication session; this is most often

contrasted with packet switching in data

communications transmissions.

Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR):

A method of specifying IP addresses in which

you explicitly specify the bits of the address

that represent the network address instead

of determining this information from the first

octet of the address.

Client Peer: In a BGP route reflection, a

member of a cluster that is not the route

reflector. See also nonclient peer.

Cluster: In BGP, a set of routers that have

been grouped together. A cluster consists

of one system that acts as a route reflector,

along with any number of client peers. The

client peers receive their route information

only from the route reflector system. Routers

in a cluster do not need to be fully meshed.

Command-Line Interface (CLI): Interface

provided for configuring and monitoring the

routing protocol software.

Community: In BGP, a group of destinations

that share a common property. Community

information is included as one of the path

attributes in BGP update messages.

Confederation: A group of BGP systems

that appears to external AS’s as a single AS.

Complete Sequence Number PDU

(CSNP): Packet that contains a complete list

of all the LSPs in the IS-IS database.

Connection-Oriented: A term applied to

network architectures and services which

require the establishment of an end-to-end,

predefined circuit prior to the start of a com-

munications session. Frame relay circuits are

examples of connection-oriented sessions.

Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF):

An algorithm used by MPLS that has been

modified to take into account specific

restrictions when calculating the shortest

path across the network.

Daemon: Background process that performs

operations on behalf of the system software

and hardware. Daemons normally start when

the system software is booted, and they run

as long as the software is running.

Damping: A method of reducing the number

of update messages sent between BGP

peers, thereby reducing the load on these

peers, without adversely affecting the route

convergence time for stable routes.

Data-Link Connection Identifier (DCLI):

Identifier for a Frame Relay virtual connection

(also called a logical interface).

Dark Fiber: Fiber-optic cables that have

been laid, but have no illuminating signals

in them.

Default Address: Router address that is

used as the source address on unnumbered

interfaces.

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

(DWDM): An optical (analog) multiplexing

technique used to increase the carrying

capacity of a fiber network beyond what can

currently be accomplished by time division

multiplexing (TDM) techniques.

Designated Router: In OSPF, a router

selected by other routers that is responsible

for sending link-state advertisements that

describe the network, which reduces the

amount of network traffic and the size of

the routers’ topological databases.

Destination Prefix Length: Number of

bits of the network address used for host

portion of an IP address. Previously called

the subnet mask.

Digital: A data format that uses two

physical levels to transmit information

corresponding to 0s and 1s. A discrete

or discontinuous signal.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

(DHCP): Allocates IP addresses dynamically

so that they can be reused when they are

no longer needed.

Edge Router: A router located at the

beginning or end of a label-switching tunnel.

(See also MPLS.)

End System: Network entity that send

and receives packets.

Exterior Gateway protocol (EGP):

Such as BGP.

Egress Router: Last router in a label-

switched path (LSP). See ingress router.

External BGP (EBGP): BGP configuration

in which sessions are established between

routers in different AS’s.

Extrinsic: External; outside the fiber.

Fiber: The structure that guides light in a

fiber optic system.

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